500 S&W Magnum vs. 45-70: A Ballistic Showdown

The debate rages on in the shooting world: 500 S&W Magnum vs. 45-70. Both cartridges are titans of the large-bore world, boasting impressive power and a rich history. Choosing between them isn’t simply about which is ‘better,’ but about understanding their distinct strengths and weaknesses, and how they align with your specific needs. This article dives deep into the 500 S&W Magnum and the 45-70, comparing their ballistics, recoil, effective range, and intended uses to help you make an informed decision.

A Brief History

Before we delve into the specifics, let’s take a quick look at the history of each cartridge:

• 45-70 Government: Developed in 1873 for the U.S. Army, the 45-70 was designed for single-shot rifles and saw extensive use in the Indian Wars. Its black powder origins have evolved, with modern smokeless powder loads offering significantly increased performance. The 45-70 remains popular for hunting large game, particularly in lever-action rifles.
• 500 S&W Magnum: A relative newcomer, the 500 S&W Magnum was introduced in 2003 by Smith & Wesson and Cor-Bon. It was designed as the most powerful handgun cartridge commercially available, intended for hunting large and dangerous game animals.

Ballistics: Power and Trajectory

Ballistics is where the real differences between the 500 S&W Magnum and the 45-70 begin to emerge. Let’s consider several key factors:

Velocity and Energy

The 500 S&W Magnum generally boasts higher velocities, especially with lighter bullets. This translates to impressive muzzle energy. A typical 350-grain bullet from a 500 S&W Magnum handgun can achieve velocities around 1900 fps and generate over 2800 ft-lbs of energy. The 45-70, while typically slower, can still deliver significant energy, especially with heavier bullets. A 405-grain load might leave the muzzle at 1300 fps, producing around 1500 ft-lbs of energy. However, hotter 45-70 loads in stronger rifles can approach or even exceed the 500 S&W Magnum‘s energy levels.

Trajectory

Due to its higher velocity, the 500 S&W Magnum generally exhibits a flatter trajectory, making it easier to achieve accurate shots at longer ranges. The 45-70, with its heavier bullets and lower velocity, has a more pronounced arc, requiring more careful range estimation. This difference is amplified at distances beyond 100 yards. This means for longer shots, the 500 S&W Magnum may be more forgiving.

Bullet Weight and Selection

Both cartridges offer a wide range of bullet weights and designs. The 500 S&W Magnum commonly uses bullets ranging from 275 to 700 grains. The 45-70 typically uses bullets from 300 to 500 grains, but heavier options are available. The choice of bullet depends on the intended target and desired effect. For example, for dangerous game, heavier, harder bullets are preferred for deep penetration. [See also: Best Bullets for 500 S&W Magnum]

Recoil: A Punishing Force

Recoil is a significant factor to consider with both the 500 S&W Magnum and the 45-70. Both cartridges generate substantial recoil, but the nature of that recoil can differ. The 500 S&W Magnum, particularly in a handgun, delivers a sharp, intense recoil impulse. The 45-70, especially in a heavier rifle, often produces a more prolonged, pushing recoil. Recoil management is crucial for accuracy and follow-up shots. Proper grip, stance, and recoil-absorbing accessories can help mitigate the effects of recoil.

Effective Range: Handgun vs. Rifle

The effective range of each cartridge is heavily influenced by the platform from which it’s fired. The 500 S&W Magnum is primarily chambered in handguns, limiting its effective range compared to the 45-70, which is typically found in rifles. While skilled shooters can achieve accurate shots with a 500 S&W Magnum handgun out to 100 yards or more, the 45-70 in a rifle can be effective out to 200-300 yards, or even further with careful load selection and practice. The longer barrel of a rifle allows for more complete powder burn, resulting in higher velocities and flatter trajectories. [See also: Long Range Shooting Techniques]

Intended Uses: Hunting and More

Both the 500 S&W Magnum and the 45-70 are primarily used for hunting, but their specific applications differ:

• 500 S&W Magnum: Primarily used for handgun hunting of large and dangerous game. Its portability and stopping power make it a popular choice for bear defense in certain regions.
• 45-70 Government: Commonly used for hunting large game such as deer, elk, moose, and bear. Its versatility makes it suitable for a wide range of hunting scenarios. It’s also a popular choice for Cowboy Action Shooting.

Firearm Availability

The firearms chambered in 500 S&W Magnum are primarily large-frame revolvers. Smith & Wesson is the most well-known manufacturer, but other companies also offer models. The 45-70 is available in a wider variety of firearms, including lever-action rifles, single-shot rifles, and even some modern bolt-action rifles. Marlin, Henry, and Ruger are popular manufacturers of 45-70 rifles. The availability of different firearm types can influence your choice based on your preferred shooting style and hunting regulations. [See also: Top 45-70 Rifles of 2024]

Ammunition Cost and Availability

Ammunition cost and availability are important considerations. Both the 500 S&W Magnum and the 45-70 are considered premium cartridges, and ammunition can be relatively expensive. Generally, the 500 S&W Magnum ammunition tends to be slightly more expensive than 45-70 ammunition, especially for premium loads. Availability can also vary depending on your location and current market conditions. It’s always a good idea to check local gun stores and online retailers to compare prices and availability before making a decision.

The Verdict: Which is Right for You?

Choosing between the 500 S&W Magnum and the 45-70 ultimately depends on your individual needs and preferences. If you’re looking for a powerful handgun for hunting large and dangerous game, or for bear defense, the 500 S&W Magnum is a strong contender. Its impressive stopping power and relatively flat trajectory make it a formidable choice. However, be prepared for significant recoil. If you prefer a rifle for hunting a wider range of game at longer ranges, the 45-70 is an excellent option. Its versatility, availability in various firearm types, and manageable recoil (especially in heavier rifles) make it a popular choice for hunters. Consider your primary intended use, the type of firearm you prefer, and your tolerance for recoil when making your decision. Both the 500 S&W Magnum and the 45-70 are capable cartridges, each with its own unique strengths. The best choice is the one that best suits your individual needs and shooting style.

Ultimately, the choice between the 500 S&W Magnum and 45-70 is a personal one. Consider the factors discussed above, do your research, and, if possible, try shooting both cartridges before making a final decision. Both are powerful and capable, and either can be a valuable tool in the hands of a responsible and skilled shooter. The 500 S&W Magnum offers unparalleled handgun power, while the 45-70 provides rifle versatility and a rich history. Weigh your options carefully to determine which cartridge best aligns with your shooting needs and preferences. Understanding the nuances of the 500 S&W Magnum and the 45-70 is key to making an informed choice.